Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays of all time. Of the many themes and representation of the human condition in this play, one of the most debated questions among critics and lay readers alike is the issue of Hamlet’s sanity. While sanity and insanity can be defined in many different ways, many critics point to Hamlet’s keen observations and clever manipulations as not insanity but confused grief in an otherwise extremely intelligent, albeit sensitive, man. Hamlet tells his friends in Act I of his plan to feign madness. After the ghost’s revelation and call to Hamlet to get revenge, Hamlet decides to assume an air of insanity to allow him a wider range of words and actions around the King and Queen. He tells Horatio of his intention to â€Å"put an antic disposition on† (I,v, 177). Individuals who are insane rarely plan their insanity. In fact, Hamlet knows that people who are crazy are more apt to get away with odd words and activities. This proves true, for he is not punished for appearing half dressed in Ophelia’s chamber or for his taunting of Polonius with references to â€Å"fishmonger† and â€Å"Jepthah. †His plan appears to be working. The King and Queen set to finding out the cause of Hamlet’s lunacy which throws them off the path of his knowledge of the murder. â€Å"He acts the part of madness with unrivalled power, convincing the persons who are sent to examine into his supposed loss of reason merely by telling them unwelcome truths and rallying them with the most caustic wit† (Bates 22). His intelligence almost gets him in trouble. His admission to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that â€Å"I am but mad north-northwest. When the wind is southerly, I / know a hawk from a handsaw† (II,ii,384-385). While these two do not catch his meaning, the more clever Claudius does. He notes, â€Å"Nor what he spake, thout it lacked form a little, Was not like madness† (III,i,167-168) and â€Å"Madness in great ones must not unwatchedgo† (III,i,192). Of course Hamlet is consumed with grief. His choice of dark clothing and brooding countenance is apparent when the reader first meets him. This is understandable upon the death of a father and not something that Hamlet becomes clinically insane about. His depression cannot be compared to psychosis. â€Å"The mental disturbance which it causes becomes apparent while he thinks aloud, almost as soon as the ghost has disappeared; but he is not mad either in the popular or in the physiological sense; it is merely the mental derangement of a noble, but not an heroic, nature, sinking beneath a burden which it cannot bear and must cast away† (Bates 29). Hamlet is depressed, even distraught, after learning of the true fate of his father, but he is not insane. Later, after the play, Hamlet confirms his sanity to his mother in order to convince her of Claudius’ guilt and to implore her to stay away from him. Yes, his Oedipal obsession with his mother is odd for many readers, but coupled with his father’s death and the ghost’s appearance, his desire to save her is more in the realm of understandable. He tells her â€Å"It is not madness/That I have uttered. Bring me to the test,? And I the matter will reword, which madness / Would Gambol from† (III,iv, 146-150). He wants her to know that he is not crazy and to choose his side, which she does. This is one of Hamlet’s goals. Many critics focus on the To Be, or Not To Be soliloquy in which Hamlet considers suicide for the second time as being proof of his insanity. Again, a closer look at Hamlet’s words show this to be false. This soliloquy is an organized, parallel, and logical debate on the issue of suicide. A mad individual would not possess the logic to provide such a point-counterpoint style. He lists all of the vices of the world and sets them up against all the unknowns of the afterworld and concludes, logically, Thus conscious does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. (III,i, 84-89). Hamlet carefully weighs the pros and cons of suicide, for him, and concludes that the fear of the unknown keeps him alive. This is not an insane man. In fact, Hamlet’s supposed insanity can be compared to Ophelia’s actual insanity. Ophelia, after the death of her father and Hamlet’s mean treatment of her, has truly gone insane. She is singing songs about her dead father and about losing her virginity in front of the entire court. She is handing out flowers to the King and Queen, and eventually she â€Å"drowns† in inches of water. One critic notes how Hamlet â€Å"differs surprisingly from the pathetic inanities of the gentle Ophelia† (Blackmore 59). This contrast further shows Hamlet’s sanity. â€Å"The mad role that Hamlet plays to perfection, is certainly a proof of Shakespeare’s genius, but by no means a surety of the insanity of the Prince† (Blackmore 57). Hamlet is shown to be sane in this play. That is not to say he is not grieving, angry and depressed at various moments, but textual and critical support show that he is not insane. Works Cited Bates, Alfred, ed. The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization. Vol. 14. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20-34. Blackmore, Simon Augustine. â€Å"The Real or Assumed Madness of Hamlet. † The Riddles of Hamlet and The Newest Answers. Boston: Stratford Company, 1917 Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Evanston, IL: McDougal/Little, 2003.

Problem Solving & Decision Making Techniques Essay

Over the past nine weeks of working in our home groups, we have entered and exited several problem solving and decision making processes. Although we have produced some good solutions, the overall process could be improved. In order to make our group more successful in implementing our chosen solutions we need to : improve on problem solving and decision making techniques, using discussion questions effectively with consideration of conflict management styles in the group. Applying these principles can help achieve true group consensus and increase the groups productivity. In accordance with the functional theory, five task requirements must be met in order to guarantee success. Our group needs improvement in 3 of 5 of the task requirements: discussing and creating criteria, identifying alternatives, and thoroughly evaluating alternative ( strengths and weaknesses) based on criteria. To refocus the group on improving our execution of the task requirements associated with functional theory, I hypothesize that PMOPS and PERT would be highly effective. PMOPS, acronym for procedural model of problem solving, is a flexible guideline that leads through phases of problem solving process. We must also improve our review process of procedures and proposed final decision. The use of systematic problem solving procedures, like PMOPS, keeps groups of point. This type of procedure makes sure group doesn’t miss any vital steps, which aids in producing effective solutions. As a group we need to create and rank our criteria, based on importance to group members. Clarifying what is important to individual group members fosters group satisfaction and provides insight to personal values. To the identify other alternatives, the use of critical thinking strategies can be effective for example: brainstorming and problem mapping. As we move through the decision making process and begin proposing solutions, a member should be listing all that are discussed. Often there are too many options to be thoroughly discussed due to time constraints. When encountered with the issue of time, narrowing the list of solutions becomes paramount. Some of the solutions may be similar, and therefore can be combined. If combining doesn’t eliminate enough options, we can take a vote on which are most favored. Voting, as a process of elimination, could assist members who are less verbal in stating their opinion (Nancy and  Albert). However, charting pros and cons can be a more effective and objective procees of elimination. All options need to be assessed for meeting out criteria. we seldom establish criteria at the start of a discussion, or follow through with any of the previously mentioned techniques. After selecting a solution we must implement it, preferably in my opinion, using PERT. † Pert helps do this by as king those responsible for implementation to makes a chart showing deadline dates for completion of various tasks and the names of individuals or groups responsible† (Adams, 2012). We can also improve our decision making process by effectively using discussion questions, to unearth true nature of problem/charge. Discussion questions allow the group to locate a solution, for problem, question, or issue, that focuses on what â€Å"should† be done. The use of vague or limiting question s could be stifling production of alternatives. † As an impact variable, the discussion question has a far-reaching effect on the systems throughput process and its subsequent output. We should try to avoid using either-or structure and including answers in questions. This is a manipulative ploy that is often used in our group, especially by me. Also using ambiguous or double-barreled vernacular can mislead or confuse the group. I am also a perpetrator of this, often used to persuade opposing members. Thoroughly discussing the problem also keeps group from becoming solution minded prematurely. My group often does this, jumping headfirst in deciding on a solution. We completely skip evaluating a generating alternatives. This can limit options that may be more beneficial for the group to perform better. PMOPS and other systematic procedures my correct this frequent group behavior. Putting to use the different conflict management styles in the group could possibly aid in our reducing the time used during our decision making process. If we better understand the styles in play we can become more cohesive and increase member involvement. Our group is seemingly fairly cohesive, but lack of member involvement (Albert and Nancy) possibly prove otherwise. Their lack of involvement, avoidance style, limits their input of opinions. So we cannot be absolutely sure where they stand and if they agree with decisions. Christina exhibits some avoidance, as it relates to conflict, and switches to collaborative style to eventually referee lengthy arguments. Mason usually takes on a competitive style, usually arguing adamantly and proposing supportive evidence for his  arguments. When this becomes fleeting, he turns to a more collaborative style to meet his needs. I was observed to be quite competitive until stalemate is reached, and the transition into an accommodating style is used to reach a consensus. I have assessed the problem solving and decision making processes my group most readily uses, as well as flaws in its execution. Our group could really benefit from the use of systematic problem solving procedures like, PMOPS and PERT. Coming to the realization that discussion questions are important, has influenced me to use them in discussion. They are necessary for clarifying the problem and coming up with the best possible solutions. With that being said; understanding and proper application of our conflict management styles will aid in all areas needing improvement. Bibliography Adams , K. , Galanes , G. (2012). Communicating in groups: Applications and skills New York: McGraw-Hill. Larson , C. E. , Lafasto , F. M. J. , (1989). TeamWork: What Must Go Right, What Can Go Wrong. Newbury Park: Sage.

A governing body Essay Example for Free

A governing body Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? A governing body is eminent in every populace. Although the governing bodies of the United States and Sweden are both administered by Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches, the role they play in the politics of their respective countries differs greatly. Both countries are subject to laws set forth by age-old constitutions. There is also variance in the number of representative parties for the population of each country. It is important to look at the age of the country and its influence on the government. The period of time in which countries are founded is very important in showing why certain countries have the institutions that they do. The early Swedish government was formed by aristocrats who nominated a king that used his rule to influence religion. This aspect of Sweden’s political history differs from that of the U. S. , which was founded hundreds of years later to be ruled by representation. U. S. Government The United States is the world’s oldest representative democracy. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution. Citizens are subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and local levels; most areas are subject to multiple local governments, such as county or metropolitan governments in addition to municipal government. The federal government is comprised of three branches, which are designed to check and balance one another’s powers. The Legislative branch is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has the power of making decisions regarding the budget and taxation, also known as â€Å"Power of the Purse. † The Executive branch is comprised of the President, who appoints, with Senate approval, the Cabinet and other officers. The Cabinet administers and enforces federal laws. The president is also Commander-in-Chief of the military. The Judicial branch is the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval. The Judicial branch interprets laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional. The United States Constitution is the supreme legal document that governs the American system. The document is considered a social contract for the people of the United States, regulating their affairs through government chosen by and populated by the people. All laws and procedures of both state and federal governments are subject to review, and any law ruled by the Judicial branch to be in violation of the Constitution can be overturned. The Constitution can be amended by two methods, both of which require the approval of three-fourths of the states. Officials at all three levels are either elected by voters in a secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials. Executive and legislative offices are decided by a plurality vote of citizens in their districts. Judicial and cabinet-level offices are nominated by the Executive branch and approved by the Legislature in the federal government and most states, although some state judges are elected by popular vote. American politics is dominated by the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Members of these two parties hold the majority of elected offices across the country at federal, state, and lower levels. Independent or third party candidates tend to do better in lower-level elections; however, there are currently two independent members of the Senate. Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered conservative and the Democratic Party is considered liberal. Swedish Politics Information published by Nations Encyclopedia advises Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, of which King Carl XVI Gustaf is currently the head of state, but royal power is limited to official and ceremonial functions. The nation’s modern legislative body is the Swedish Parliament, also known as Riksdag, with 349 members, which chooses the Prime Minister. The Riksdag holds supreme authority in modern Sweden. The Riksdag is responsible for choosing the Prime Minister, who then appoints the ministers. The legislative power is then shared between the parliament and the Prime Minister-led government. The executive power is exercised by the government, while the Judiciary, unlike that of the United States is independent. Sweden’s judiciary system also lacks the ability to review laws that may be in violation of the constitution. Acts of the parliament and government decrees can be made inapplicable at every level if they are against constitutional laws. Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation, or full representation versus the plurality voting system used in the U. S. The Constitution of Sweden can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires an absolute majority and two decisions with general elections in between. Since 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. The following political parties currently hold seats in the Riksdag: Social Democrats, Moderates, Centre Party, Liberal People’s Party, Christian Democrats, Left Party, and Greens. There are six other parties, however, they do not currently hold any of the seats of the Riksdag. The six parties are: Swedish Democrats, Feminist Initiative, The Pirate Party, June List, The Health Care Party, and National Democrats. Religious and Cultural Aspects of Government Historicizing the formation of the Swedish government is to review the affects of aristocracy on government and government on religion. In the middle ages, struggle for power between powerful families and Great Men, also known as Stormannen, caused politically unstable situations. Sweden was a kingdom where the king was elected by members of a council of aristocrats; therefore, the throne was not inherited. The presence of powerful Great Men and chiefs meant that the king’s influence was often quite limited. His political and fiscal control over the country depended upon support from the aristocracy. During the late Middle Ages political anarchy came about in Sweden. Constant struggle for power between a number of families and the Danish King Kristian II ended in the Bloodbath of Stockholm in the early 1500s. The result of this struggle enabled Gustav Vasa to become king in 1521. The most important reform Gustav Vasa made was the reformation of the Church. â€Å"The king was able to gain political control, as well as control the property of the Church, all Swedes suddenly became Protestants instead of Catholics†(History World, 2007). This made it possible for the king to establish himself, not the Pope, as head of the Church, and also to use the Church as a pedagogic tool on the people according to History World. Because everyone had to attend church on Sundays, the state could reach almost the entire populace with information, propaganda, and a certain amount of education. The Bible was, for instance, translated from Latin to Swedish during this time. This had a positive impact on literacy among the ordinary people. In the United States, the formation of the government was influenced by agenda and innovationists rather than religion or how politics could influence religion. â€Å"Our Founding Fathers were not known to practice Christian orthodoxy†(White House, 2007). Although they supported the free exercise of any religion, they believed there could be dangers in incorporating a religion into the creation of a government to serve all people. Most of them believed in deism and attended Freemasonry lodges. According to John J. Robinson, â€Å"Freemasonry had been a powerful force for religious freedom†(Free Masons, 2007). Freemasons took seriously the principle that men should worship according to their own conscious. Masonry welcomed anyone from any religion or non-religion, as long as they believed in a Supreme Being. Washington, Franklin, Hancock, Hamilton, Lafayette, and many others accepted Freemasonry. According to the Free Masonry Organization, in order to be a Free Mason, one must believe in the existence of a â€Å"Supreme Being,† which includes the â€Å"gods† of Islam, Hinduism, or any other world religion. Although many believe the anti-Biblical and anti-Christian beliefs and practices of this organization are partially hidden beneath an outward appearance of a supposed compatibility with the Christian faith, the organization supports every religion. The influence of a non-uniform Christian society on the U. S. government was probably due to the combinations of cultures and backgrounds of the individuals making up the fairly new society. The compilation of cultures that continues to make up U. S. society varies greatly from those of the Swedish culture at the time their government was developed. Sweden was a very old country; therefore, the majority of the inhabitants had lived there most, if not all, of their lives. The governments of the United States and Sweden both represent their diverse populations through their respective governments. The greatest variance in the way branches operate is in the Judicial system. In the United States, the Judicial System ensures that laws are upheld and amended to meet changing times without going against the Constitution. The Swedish Judicial branch lacks the ability to review laws that may be against their constitution. A governing body. (2017, Mar 02).

Comprehension Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehension Strategies - Essay Example Systems that are openly distributed can be sources of information whose reliability is not certain. More so, the process of looking up for information in large masses of given data can prove to be a hectic and difficult process. In this life, we are often faced with similar situations calling for the need to make judgments on the reliability of information and the most effective method of accessing such information. Most people depend on the Internet as their main source of information but the uncertainty and complexity associated with the expanding Internet has made the users experience several problems. The problems include; how reliable the information they obtain from the Internet is. Most of the information from the Internet are on pages identified with queried keywords. This is meant to easily get at the information required but it ends up failing to qualify the information obtained with the data on the information sources themselves (George, 2006). Every person has his or her credibility standards when it comes to information they need. In most cases, this depends on the application of the information. This calls for the need to get it right every time one needs to evaluate different sources and settle on a judgment call. Most people depend on the Internet as their main source of information thus they have to be guided against the uncertainties and complexity associated with the expanding Internet. It is also close to impossible for any Internet user to sieve through all the available information from the Internet and pick out the best suited information. Following this situation, it is evident that reputation and trust play an important role in determining the credibility of a particular source. Some of the ways of determining if an Internet source is credible and can be trusted include The other problem is the issue of sematic mapping; the use of key words to locate information from different sources from the Internet can be misleading as the keywords used may have several meanings in relation to the language used or the context. It is also close to impossible for any Internet user to sieve through all the available information from Internet and pick out the best suited information. Following this situation, it is evident that reputation and trust play an important role in checking on such problems. It’s the nature of every human being to put more weight to the ideas and opinions of the people they trust and know well. Hence, by having the process of retrieving information be guided by trust , chances are that such information will end up being more reliable than the information obtained from arbitrary sources. This approach also checks on the information overload issue now that the internet users will only reach out to sources they trust. One can have the confidence to regard a source to be credible if the author of the source has a degree or a better credential on the subject. In a situation where the source has no autho r or the organization is not named, then there are high chances that the source is not credible. More so, there are sources where the authors are named but they end up not being credible (George, 2006). If the work is original, the ideas presented are the ones that have to be evaluated and not the author’

Will The Middle Class survive in the United States Term Paper

Will The Middle Class survive in the United States - Term Paper Example Alternatively, a counterargument is presented to the effect that the middle class does not exist. The most important rhetoric of the modern society is perhaps based on the financial integrity and performance and the interplay with benefits and liabilities presented to individuals’ financial abilities. While social stratification may not be a welcome idea in the modern society, economic potential unfortunately creates an imprint of social classes dependent primarily on the economic status of individuals. Among the five presumed socioeconomic classes is the middle class which can be defined as the class comprising of between one-third to a fifth of employees in an economy and has white-collar employees, junior managers, small and middle entrepreneurs. In the apparent social stratification and classification, there are two lower classes ranking below the middle class and two classes higher in ranking than the middle class. From the table above, Weston (2011) tries to illustrate the definition of the various socioeconomic classes based on the range of earnings that they make and the position of the middle class has been highlighted in bold. Below and above this class, there are two socioeconomic classes with a possibility to move up and down the classes being dependent on the performance on earnings and individuals’ financial status. Depending on the general performance of the national economy, the distribution of the classes across the population may depict certain patterns. As an illustration, in the developed economies, the population in the advanced classes is higher than in the lower classes, which is the exact opposite in developing economies. Equally, the possibility of movement up and down the classes is reminiscent of the prevailing economic environment. It therefore implies that the middle class is composed or relatively better

Current Macroeconomic Situation in the USA Essay

Current Macroeconomic Situation in the USA - Essay Example The currency has not changed much in comparison to the Yen (OECD Publishing, 2012). The economic meltdown of 2008 greatly affected the prospects of the US economy and still hangs over the current economic situation. As a result, the current macroeconomic situation appropriately echoes the 2008 economic crisis in a highly significant manner. First is the aspect of slow growth where the American economy has been lethargic ever since the economy collapsed in 2008. Slow economic growth is currently prevailing in the United States, and economic development is occurring at a dawdling pace. It is estimated that the economy will grow at the rate of 2% through 2014. This is an indication that the economy will take more time to recover fully. Other predicaments affecting the economy of the United States include unemployment, inflation, and recession. Unemployment is at a very high level and is mainly caused by slow growth of the economy. As the economy takes more time to grow there are very fe w opportunities for employment, making it difficult to end the current problem of unemployment. Inflation is also a major problem affecting the US economy, which involves the incessant rise of prices of commodities. Inflation has partly been contributed by the current spate of economic stimulus programs, which have pumped a lot of funds into the economy with the aim of stimulating growth and creating job opportunities. Is the U.S. economy currently concerned about unemployment, inflation, and recession? The US economy is presently concerned about unemployment, inflation, and recession. These have been the principal factors affecting the economy ever since the 2008 economic meltdown (Leboeuf, 2012). The administration has injected trillions of money into the economy to stop the recession. There has been debate over the effectiveness of this strategy as to whether it will create inflation. At this position in time, America is experiencing age of "severity" an era of recession worst fr om the time of the "immense depression." In essence, recession is nastiest than inflation during this point of economy. Inflation and greed is an excellent thing for the economy to generate jobs to progress the economy when the economy is in a slump. Mr. Friedman counsel has stood the experiment of time with numerous Presidents inquiring about suggestions from him. America requires some type of "inflation" to provide the economy the thrust it need at this instance, certain the interest rates are low down, but Americans do not have the required assurance to either endow or spend to provide the economy the further it needs. America requires assurance at this time to twist the economy around. Americans as well need employments maybe the imminent election will modify the image we have at this occasion, numerous people are hoping. The US economy is primarily concerned about unemployment, which is a serious headache in the United States today. Slow economic growth is the chief reason for high unemployment cases. The US economic development has been very sluggish right from 2008 when the economy slipped. Job creation has been remarkably low in the United States creating a large population of individuals without jobs. Apart from concern over unemployment, the US economy is equally apprehensive about recession and inflation which as well have exerted a lot of pressure on the economy of

Homeless Women in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homeless Women in Canada - Essay Example Studies show the demographic statistics of women’s homelessness in Canada has changed a lot. As a result, women’s homelessness has been to attract various social, political and feminist movements’ attention. Indeed about one hundred years after the first â€Å"International Women’s Day†, women’s socio-economic condition in the country has gone down. Whereas ‘safe home’ or shelter is considered as one of the basic needs of human life, women are increasingly being deprived of this right to have a safe home. Indeed, homelessness further causes severe social problems such sex-trafficking, sexual harassment and abuse, violence, unwanted murder, drug trafficking, etc. Homeless women often live in abandoned buildings and places, and often sleep on streets in the urban areas of Canada. But in rural areas, they normally live in slum. Overview of the Problem of Women’s Homelessness When women’s homelessness is mentioned, the traditional picture of a bundled woman sleeping on the city-streets’ sidewalks may come to mind. But the reality about women’s homelessness is very much complex. Various statistics and studies in this field show that approximately â€Å"300,000 people are homeless in Canada.† (YWCA Canada, 2012) In 1980s, about 25-30% of these visibly homeless people, who lived on the sidewalks or in shelters in rural areas are women. But in 1990s, the presence of homeless women seeking for shelter in government and non-government asylums increased at a rate of 78% more than the rate in previous years. This increase in the 1990s was mainly contributed by the children of the homeless women whose only earning sources were begging and prostitution. As a result, the number of homeless young women increased at an alarming rate. But the number of families who owned houses previously also increased during the past decades. â€Å"Families experience homelessness, and single parent fami lies, mostly led by women, make up the majority of homeless families† (YWCA Canada, 2012). Having no shelter, no roof over their heads and no door to lock behind them for safety, these homeless women remain at a high risk of physical, emotional and psychological dangers. Indeed, because of their physical weakness, women are more vulnerable to outdoor dangers than their male counterparts. In a Fact Sheet prepared by the YWCA Canada (2012), it is said: â€Å"Many street-involved women are abuse and trauma survivors struggling with resulting mental health and addiction issues. Yet, there remains a severe shortage of detox beds dedicated to women. Street-focused programs specifically for women are few and far between.† (YWCA Canada, 2012) Causes of Women’s Homelessness in Canada Women are more vulnerable to homelessness than men are. Indeed, women are more vulnerable because of their low income and extended periods of poverty (Townson, 2005). In a study, Monica Towns on (2005) claims that â€Å"women are the poorest people in Canada† (p. 34). In 2003, about 1500000 women were living in severe poverty. This number is about 19% of the total female population in Canada. Obviously, this poverty-stricken population comprises of women of all ages. But it mostly includes adult women and adolescent girls. The average income rate of the women was 62% of men’s annual income (Statistic Canada, 2006). The number of homeless women varies according to race, age, disabilities, and marital status, etc. The rate of homeless women

Pack Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pack Journalism - Essay Example And this, makes the journalist work never be the same again. Sometimes, the government that should have been protecting its citizen, including journalists, is the one allegedly involved in the killings of people in the media. Moreover, it is surprising to know that this is happening all around the world. Each country has its own stories of murdered journalist. What we can read in the news are American tank fired at the Reuters office, journalist abducted allegedly by Philippine Army, brutal murder of a journalist in Indonesia condemned, an American aircraft fired a missile at the al-Jazeera office, to mention a few. This situation is getting serious and must be stopped. Journalists are here to provide independent reporting and to deliver documentation of realities in life to the society. As years go by, the journalist work is getting riskier and scarier. From a mere observer who just re-tell stories from those involve, first hand sources, they are now largely moving into the limelight, but not for any better. Instead, the future of journalist anywhere in the world is getting dimmer and dimmer as what we can see unfolding through this rising incidence of media killings. The phrase "being read" is slowly changing its real meaning. Journalists are being read because of the news about other people or current events they wrote, which they have no involvement totally. This time they are still being read and that is only because they themselves are what the news story is all about. They are being harassed, threatened, and arrested. Just like the recent report from the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). Two French TV journalists were arrested in Northern Cyprus, which believed the incident overshadowed plans of the Turkish authorities to reform press freedom laws. Journalists once again are becoming the victim of outworn laws and their practitioners. Moreover, this time it is more frequent, worldwide, and fatal. Locale and international organizations, like the IFJ, European Federation of Journalist (EFJ), The Union of Cyprus Journalists, continuously condemn such cases of violation of the journalists' rights and of the press freedom. The rights and freedom being blatantly violated today includes, In pursuance of this duty, the journalist shall at all times defend the principles of freedom in the honest collection and publication of news, and of the right to fair comment and criticism. Journalists worthy of the name shall deem it their duty to observe faithfully the principles stated above. Within the general law of each country the journalist shall recognise in matters of professional matters the jurisdiction of colleagues only, to the exclusion of any kind of interference by governments or others. There is no more freedom in the collection of publication of news. In many countries, they are being threatened in the reports being collected and in the news being printed. One female radio broadcast journalist after giving her comments and criticism on a particular government official, she was gunned down right outside the station. Previous to this incident, another radio broadcast journalist was shot and killed in his house. These two journalists happen to be husband and wife. Moreover, in the country they were is a democratic country with laws assuring freedom of speech and of the press. They need not to be in the midst of war to be hit by a bullet. There is enough bullet really intended for them and not

Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing management - Essay Example In UK, every other person owns a mobile. The idea of cell-based mobile radio service was formulated in the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular services for commercial use with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981. Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. Since its introduction in the 80s, the phone’s place in the market developed from a minority, specialized item to an essential commodity. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM service is used by over 2 bill ion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Over the last two decades there has been an advance in mobile technology with a significant reduction in the operating cost. The mobile phones’ marketability is not an overnight success but rather a systematic evolutionary development. Presently, the world is on 3rd generation on mobile system. The 1st generation system was the initial stage which was based on analog technology. The 2nd generation is categorized by the digital technology, which includes international roaming, mobile fax, voicemail and SMS. The present system provides broader bandwidth services to the users. Now they provide services and applications that are facilitated by personal computers. It is more easy and trendy to take your mobile phones on conferences than a lap-top, which was used in yesteryears. Mobile phones now come with

Malden Mills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Malden Mills - Essay Example The organization faced most precarious conditions like bankruptcy and encountered considerable amount of destruction caused due to the onset of fire. The jobs of 3000 employees of the organization were at stake. But surprisingly the Aaron did not resolved to any means of employee termination rather he spent millions on the all 3000 employees and kept them on payroll for a period of three months. The result of such a step infused loyalty within the employees and the resultant production after the onset of work was much higher than the production before. This act of him prevented thousands of employees in losing their jobs and proved Aaron Feuerstein’s worth as a true leader. (Leung) He held the view of treating his employees as an asset and reflected his responsibility towards the society. He was able to think beyond the profitability and broadened his idea to deliver the best for the community by staying with the employees during such critical conditions. Aaron Feuerstein had the courage and conviction to reflect on the appropriate action and had set high values for the leaders of all the organizations to behave rationally and to implement decisions considering all the associated factors. The determination and the leadership skill as exhibited by Aaron Feuerstein is a heroic achievement. Malden mill used to operate in a 300 year old mill town. The mill went into bankruptcy in the year 1981. In order to prevent the mill from going into bankruptcy the organization could have taken some precautionary steps. The mill could have hired a budgetary advisor who could have limited the spending of the mill in comparison o the earnings. Budgetary advisor would also have provided with planning and ideas to save money by reducing unnecessary cost and other expenses. In order to pay back the debt to the creditors the mill could have sold some assets which are not in use in a great deal and this could

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Example for Free

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Language and Literacy in Social Practice is one of a set of four readers which looks at literacy and language practices as they are moulded and shaped by the cultures of the societies they serve. Edited by Janet Maybin, the book is a collection of key articles by seminal writers in the field who investigate the role of language and literacy as part of social practice. Broken down into four sections, the book begins with articles by Malinowski, Dell Hymes, Halliday and Volosinov and sets the scene for an anthropoligical/historical exploration of the sophisticated interaction and interrelationships between language, culture and social structure. Section two then provides ethnographic accounts of recent research by researchers like Taylor and Heath who document detailed evidence of literacy practices in a wide range of situations. They show in effect how literacy practices are very much the product of economic, religious, cultural and political processes and in particular the profound effect of differing socio-cultural expectations on the educational experiences and successes of learners at the macro level of the family and the local community. Section three moves away from a local focus to review literacy practices from a cross-cultural and historical perspective drawing on the writings of Street, Graff and Gee to look at literacy and language not so much as competencies and skills but rather as a product shaped by sociocultural parameters and some socioeconomic myths. The final section draws on the cultural and historical perspectives presented thus far and adds the further specific dimension of the political aspects of language planning and teaching to investigate how literacy and language teaching is very much a product of the rhetoric of governments and a tool to control and disposses minorities and to maintain a status quo that is elitist and exclusivist. What then is the value of Maybins book? It certainly doesnt work as a sourcebook or a handbook of how to improve literacy practices in any given situation and nor is it meant to. What it does work as is as a body of readings for reflective practitioners who would like to explore the significance of the crucial place language and literacy teaching holds in most Western societies and to look at the ways in which even the most mundane literacy practices are heavily influenced by discrete parameters of culture, society and history. Its merit lies in the way that it, through historical perspective, social theory and current research, strongly encourages the reader to value what McGinitie has referred to as the power of uncertainty. Language and Literacy in Social Practice forces the reader to consider the complex and interrelated nature of language learning and the nature of literacy acquisition as value laden activity value laden because of the variety of social factors which vie for dominance in the formation and maintenance of a majority Discourse. The structure of the book is logical and easy to follow. For myself, I found the first section to be the least valuable in terms of what it had to offer me, but, given its intention to provide a theory base for the sociological perspective of language as a social semiotic, it achieved its aim adequately. What was much more thought provoking were the articles in section two which detailed the ways in which literate practices were inextricably related to social and cultural practices and values. Of particular value to me as well were the articles by Rockhill on Gender, language and the politics of literacy and Paolo Freire on Adult literacy processes . Language and Literacy in Social Practice is not a book of readings preaching to the converted. Rather it is a thought provoking collection of writings which will encourage the sensitive literacy educator to examine again the values one transmits. Particularly in the culturally plural Australian context, Maybins book provides readings that, while not specific to the Australian context, are nevertheless very easily transferrable in the principles and understandings they embody. So much so that if one were to carefully think through and implement by negotiation the broad principles outlined in the book, Language and Literacy in Social Practice could well serve as a blueprint for a policy framework for literacy education in any society that truly valued its cultural diversity and which was determined to provide the sort of education that would question the status quo. Additionally, it would offer all participants real access to those constructions of empowering literate behaviour that are the staple of the disourse practices and power relationships of everyday life. It is not, I dont believe, overly strong when Rockhill says that the politics of literacy are integral to the cultural genocide of a people . Language and Literacy in Social Practice raises the sorts of issues that will help us re-examine our own personal politics to prevent just that sort of cultural genocide no matter how well intentioned or how genteel our motives. It is a book for all educators, cutting across cultures and specifics, providing a body of thought that, if it doesnt change existing practice, will at the very least strongly encourage a reappraisal of what it is that one actually does in the classroom.

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Example for Free

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Develop a solid, corporate identity in its specified targeted market areas. Become the top brokerage firm by its fifth year (2015) of operation, or before. The company believes that the above-mentioned objectives are obtainable because of the high degree of professionalism and expertise in real estate marketing upheld by the corporation’s core values. Compliance to the RESA Law compels all marketing executives with the knowledge of the real estate laws and procedures which will give them the corresponding license from the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as Licensed Real Estate  Sales Agents to engage in the marketing and sales of real estate properties. DRIVEN will provide them the needed training upon entering the profession. Free and paid trainings will be available at a high return to the agent. When starting out, most agents are not able proper training and support. The office environment will be productively and professionally presentable making it inviting to the agent as well as to its client developers and potential buyers / investors. A team of assistants and coordinators will man the office to provide virtual support and track daily marketing routine/schedule. Marketing executives will have the opportunity to be guided each day through a marketing plan. They may choose to follow the guidelines and training provided or they may follow their own daily routines. The company will be supplying a well-studied program allowing the new marketing executives to earn more than the average real estate agent by providing constant guidance and stability. If an agent for example sets a goal to obtain one buyer for the month, on an average of Php3,000,000.00 he would earn an income of Php81,000 per month (inclusive of withholding tax) X 12 months = Php972,000 per year. The accredited brokers will guide and assist every marketing executive in conquering this goal. The same sales as noted above would profit the corporation Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 460 agents = Php149,0400,000.  Under the RESA Law the real estate brokers on the other hand, are entitled to manage 20 marketing executives hence the corresponding profit for the accredited brokers given the same sales goal will be Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 20 agents = Php3,888,000 on top of his personal sales. At every stage of a persons’ search for property the listing will experience attrition or in other words a point where the searcher does will not proceed to view details or make an enquiry about the property being sold. This happens when the property cannot be found hence agents are encouraged to utilize all major portals in the market to minimize attrition and maximize results. No attention grabbers can also happen when the website is compromised by poorly optimized and presented Images and even the mere. Titles and Text may increase attrition rate significantly reason why all listings presented on portals should theme professional real estate photography as well as optimized titles and text. People online get bored quickly as well, if a person’s interest is lost while reviewing the property, chances are a potential sale might be lost as well. Apart from getting bored quickly, people using the internet react impulsively. They are quick to judge and if their perception is negative of what they are reading or seeing they will leave and move on, potentially never to look at the listing again.

Dispersion Properties of the Propagation of Linear Waves

Dispersion Properties of the Propagation of Linear Waves ABSTRACT In electron-positron plasmas some of the plasma modes are decoupled due to the equal charge to mass ratio of both species. The dispersion properties of the propagation of linear waves in degenerate electron–positron magnetoplasma are investigated. By using the quantum hydrodynamic equations with magnetic fields of the Wigner–Maxwell system, we have obtained a set of new dispersion relations in which ions’ motions are not considered. The general dielectric tensor is derived using the electron and positron densities and its momentum response to the quantum effects due to Bohm potential and the statistical effect of Femi temperature. It has been demonstrated the importance of magnetic field and its role with the quantum effects in these plasmas which support the propagation of electromagnetic linear waves. Besides, the dispersion relations in case of parallel and perpendicular modes are investigated for different positron-electron density ratios. Keywords: Quantum Plasma; Dispersion relation ; Electron –Positron 1- INTRODUCTION Electron-positron (e-p) plasmas are found in the early universe, in astrophysical objects (e.g., pulsars, super nova remnants, and active galactic nuclei, in ÃŽ ³ -ray bursts, and at the center of the Milky Way galaxy [1]. In such physical systems, the e-p pairs can be created by collisions between particles that are accelerated by electromagnetic and electrostatic waves and/or by gravitational forces. Intense laser-plasma interaction experiments have reported the production of MeV electrons and conclusive evidence of positron production via electron collisions. Positrons have also been created in post disruption plasmas in large tokamaks through collisions between MeV electrons and thermal particles. The progress in the production of positron plasmas of the past two decades makes it possible to consider laboratory experiments on e-p plasmas [2]. The earlier theoretical studies on linear waves in electron–positron plasmas have largely focused on the relativistic regime relevant to astrophysical contexts [3]. This is largely due to the fact that the production of these electron–positron pairs requires high-energy processes. In laboratory plasmas non-relativistic electron–positron plasmas can be created by using two different schemes. In one scheme, a relativistic electron beam when impinges on high Z-target produces positrons in abundance. The relativistic pair of electrons and positrons is then trapped in a magnetic mirror and cools down rapidly by radiation, thus producing non-relativistic pair plasmas. In another scheme positrons can be accumulated from a radioactive source. Such non-relativistic electron–positron plasmas have been produced in the laboratory by many researchers. This has given an impetus to many theoretical works on non-relativistic electron–positron plasmas. Stewart and Laing [4] studied the dispersion properties of linear waves in equal-mass plasmas and found that due to the special symmetry of such plasmas, well known phenomena such as Faraday rotation and whistler wave modes disappear. Iwamoto [5] studied the collective modes in non-relativistic electron–positron plasmas using the kinetic approach. He found that the dispersion relations for longitudinal modes in electron–positron plasma for both unmagnetized and magnetized electron–positron plasmas were similar to the modes in one-component electron or electron–ion plasmas. The transverse modes for the unmagnetized case were also found to be similar. However, the transverse modes in the presence of a magnetic field were found to be different from those in electron–ion plasmas. Studies of wave propagation in electron–positron plasmas contin ue to highlight the role played by the equal mass of electrons and positrons. For example, the low frequency ion acoustic wave, a feature of electron–ion plasmas due to significantly different masses of electrons and ions, has no counterpart in electron–positron plasma. Shukla et al [6] derived a new dispersion relation for low-frequency electrostatic waves in strongly magnetized non-uniform electron–positron plasma. They showed that the dispersion relation admits a new purely growing instability in the presence of equilibrium density and magnetic field inhomogeneties. Linear electrostatic waves in a magnetized four-component, two-temperature electron–positron plasma are investigated by Lazarus et al in Ref. [7]. They have derived a linear dispersion relation for electrostatic waves for the model and analyzed for different wave modes. Dispersion characteristics of these modes at different propagation angles are studied numerically. In this work, The dispersion properties of the propagation of linear waves in degenerate electron–positron magnetoplasma are investigated. By using the quantum hydrodynamic equations with magnetic fields of the Wigner–Maxwell system, we have obtained a set of new dispersion relations in which ions’ motions are not considered. The general dielectric tensor is derived using the electron and positron densities and its momentum response to the quantum effects due to Bohm potential and the statistical effect of Femi temperature. 2- MODELING EQUATIONS We consider quantum plasma composed of electrons and positrons whose background stationary ions. The plasma is immersed in an external magnetic field . The quasi-neutrality condition reads as . From model, the dynamics of these particles are governed by the following continuity equation and the momentum equation: (1) (2) Here and are the number density, the velocity and the mass of particle respectively () and is the plank constant divided by. Let electrons and positrons obey the following pressure law: Where, is the Fermi thermal speed, is the particle Fermi temperature, is the Boltzmann’s constant and is the equilibrium particle number density. We have included both the quantum statistical effects through Fermi temperature and the quantum diffraction in the –dependent. If we set equal to zero and equal the temperature of electrons and positrons, we obtain the classical hydrodynamic equation. Assuming that the plasma is isothermal, the Fermi speeds for different particles may be equal. Using the perturbation technique, assume the quantity representing (n, u, B, E) has the following form where is the unperturbed value and is a small perturbation . Assuming the equilibrium electric field is zero and linearizing the continuity and the momentum equations, we have: (3) (4) Multiplying equation (4) by and Simplifying, we can obtain the following equation: (5) where, , , and Assuming, , then the three components of the fluid velocity can be written as: (6a) (6b) (6c) Where, and The current density and the dielectric permeability of the medium are given: (7) (8) where is the unit tensor. So, we can obtain the dielectric tensor as follows: (9) Where, Then, according to equations (8), (9) The propagation of different electromagnetic linear waves in quantum plasma can be obtained from the following general dispersion relation: (10) Where, is the plasma frequency and . 3- DISCUSSION In this section, we focus our attention on the discussion of some different modes in two cases that the wave vector parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field . (3.I) Parallel modes So, this case leads to, with . Therefore the general dispersion relation (10) becomes: (11) This gives two dispersion relations. The first one () investigates the dispersion of electrostatic quantum waves included the quantum effects as follows (12) By neglecting the quantum effects, equation (11) describes the following well-known classical modes The second dispersion equation gives: (13) Equation (13) is similar to the dispersion of left and right waves (L- and R- modes). Owing to the symmetry between the positively and negatively charged particles, the dispersion relation for the right circularly polarized wave is identical to the left circularly polarized wave. It has been noted that no quantum effects on these modes. For unmagnetized plasma , the dispersion relation becomes: (14) (3.II) Perpendicular mode In this case, we have So, the general dispersion relation (10) becomes: (15) Where it has the following new elements , , , , , , , In the case of unmagnetized plasma , we have the following two dispersion equations: (16) and (17) The equation (16) is the well known dispersion relation which investigates the propagation of electromagnetic waves in classical unmagnetized plasma.The damping is absent because the phase velocity of the wave obtained from this equation is always greater than the velocity of light, so that no particles can be resonant with the wave. This results is analogous to the one-component electron plasma [5]. While the other relation (17) indicates the dispersion of the waves in electron-positron plasma under the quantum effects. 4- NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS In this section, we are going to investigate the above dispersion relations numerically. Introducing the normalized quantities , , , , and the plasmonic coupling () which describes the ratio of plasmonic energy density to the electron Fermi energy density, we rewrite some of the dispersion relations in both of parallel and perpendicular modes. (4.I) Parallel modes In the first, equation (12), () becomes: (18) Where, . The dispersion relation (17) has two positive solutions, Fig 1, for positron electron density ration with and .One of solutions of the dispersion equation (19) can be investigated in Fig. (2) to study the parallel modes for different density ratios with in quantum plasma . The solution of the normalized dispersion equation (17) has been also displayed in 3D figure (3) for quantum unmagnetized plasma . It is clear from the previous figures that the dispersion relations depend strongly on the density ratio of positron to electron. As the positron density is increased to equal to the electron density, the phase velocity has been increased. In the beginning, with very small positron density the wave frequency equals the electron plasma frequency and decreased with positron density increased. Besides, in the Fig. (4), the dispersion relation of parallel modes is shown for different quantum ratios , in the case of positron-electron density ratio and equal velocities of them . It is clear that the phase velocity of the mode is increased with the increases of plasmonic coupling ratio. (4.II) Perpendicular mode In the case of perpendicular modes, equation (15) can be normalized and solved numerically (here, ). Figure (5) displays the dispersion curves of electromagnetic modes under the effect of different density ratios in classical plasma. Also, the other equation (16) can be solve numerically to give two real solutions. One of them is the same solution approximately of equation (15) (which is clear in Figure (6). The other solution of dispersion equation (16) is displayed in figure (7). It is clear in the figures that the dispersion curves at depend essentially on the positron-electron density ratio . As the positron density increases to equal electron density, the wave frequency is increased to be bigger than the plasma frequency. On the dispersion curves (figures (5) and (6)), it has been noted the phase velocity of modes (+ve slope of the curves) decreases as density ratio increases. But, on the figure (7), the phase velocities of these modes (-ve slope) are the same with changes of the density ratio. They tend to zero with large wave number which means that these modes cannot propagate in plasmas. Figure (8) investigates the dispersion relations of the electromagnetic waves in electron-positron plasma under the quantum effects. It is clear that, in the case of classical plasma, the wave frequency decreases as wave number increases (the phase velocity is negative). But, in the case of quantum plasma (for small ratio ), the wave frequency deceases as wave number increases (the phase velocity is negative). Then, the phase velocity and group velocity tends to zero at definite wave number () depends on the quantum ratio (). For high quantum ratio, the phase velocity starts to be +ve and increases again. 5-CONCLOUSION In this work, The dispersion properties of the propagation of linear waves in degenerate electron–positron magnetoplasma are investigated by using the quantum hydrodynamic equations with magnetic fields of the Wigner–Maxwell system. The general dielectric tensor is derived using the electron and positron densities and its momentum response to the quantum effects due to Bohm potential and the statistical effect of Femi temperature. We have obtained a set of new dispersion relations in two cases that the wave vector parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field to investigate the linear propagation of different electromagnetic waves. It is clear that the quantum effects increase or decrease the phase velocity of the modes depends on the external magnetic field. Besides, it has shown that the dispersion curves at depend essentially on the positron-electron density ratio such as the positron density is increased to equal electron density, the wave frequency of the modes is increased.. Fig.(1). The dispersion relation (5.19) has two positive solutions for positron electron density ration with and Fig. (2) The dispersion relations of the modes for different density positron-electron ratios with and Fig. (3). The dispersion relations of the parallel modes along density ratioaxis with and Fig.(4). The dispersion relations of different modes for different quantum effects with positron-electron density ratio and velocity ratio .. , Fig. (5.5). The dispersion relations of electromagnetic modes for different ratios in classical plasma. Fig.(6). The dispersion solutions of the equations (5.17) and (5.18) for different density ratios . Fig. (7). The other dispersion solutions of the equation (18) for different density ratios . Fig.(8). 3D plotting for dispersion relation for perpendicular modes in quantum unmagnetized plasma along quantum ratio axis with

Science Curriculum in New York :: Education School Essays

Science Curriculum in New York Researching the US National Standards of Science Education and the New York State Science Standards gave our group valuable information about any science curriculum in New York State. We searched the Web and the New York State Standards for Mathematics, Science, and Technology booklet. Conducting an interview with both Ethanie Holl, kindergarten teacher, and Dr. LaChance, professor, were also very helpful. To start with here is a list of principles that guided the National Science Education Standards (NSES). #1 Science is for all students. #2 Learning science is an active process. #3 School science reflects the intellectual and cultural tradition that characterize the practice of contemporary science. #4 Improving science education is part of sysemic education reform. Following is a list of the seven New York State Standards for Mathematics, Science, and Technology. #1 Students will use mathematical analysis, scientific inquiry, engineering design, as appropriate, to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions. #2 Students will access, generate, process, and transfer information using appropriate technologies. #3 Students will understand mathematics and become mathematically confident by communicating and reasoning mathematically, by applying math in real-world settings, and by solving problems through the integrated study of number systems, geometry, algebra, data analysis, probability, and trigonometry. #4 Students will understand and apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories pertaining to the physical setting and living environment and recognize the historical development of ideas in science. #5 Students will apply technological knowledge and skills to design, construct, use and evaluate products and systems to satisfy human and environmental needs. #6 Students will understand the relationships and common themes that connect math, science, and technology and apply the themes to these and other areas of learning. #7 Students will apply the knowlege and thinking skills of math, science, and technology to address real-life problems and make informed decisions. From our research on the Web and in the booklet, we found that the State standards were derived from the national standards. In other words the National Standards were set with the idea of state and local officials creating the curriculum, assessment programs, and staff development activities that are appropriate for that state/district. The National standards encourage policies that will bring coordination, consistency, and coherence to the improvement of science education.

Regulatory Environment at Kudler Fine Foods :: Business Regulation

Regulatory Environment at Kudler Fine Foods Kudler Fine Foods is going through a shrinking and expanding process in the few months and will be temporarily closing some departments while a new catering service is being created. While some businesses may have personnel issues in dramatic expansions of business, Kudler Fine Foods has a path to follow that will allow all employees to stay employed and learn new aspects of the grocery business. With the expansion of Kudler Fine Foods, new resources will be needed. This paper illuminates the way to this goal and be in compliance with existing regulations. Kudler Fine Foods Obligations to the Employees The decision to use local growers of organic produce and start a catering service will result in the shutting down of some departments during a three-month refurbishing process. Because Kudler Fine Foods operates in the state of California, where "employment is at will', this means that the employer can fire the employee for no reason or any reason," (Greenburg, 2007). The only two exceptions are discrimination and breach of contract. Kudler Fine Foods' Employee Handbook states, "The only policy we will never change or cancel is our employment-at-will policy." The employment-at-will policy allows the employee or KFF to terminate employment at any time for any reason," (Apollo, 2007). Kudler Fine Foods has no obligations under "breach of contract", because no contracted employees exist in the company, so long as no terminations during the refurbishing are based on discrimination. The question of obligations to affected employees can be answered by looking at laws governing unemployment insurance. Since 1935, "federal law has authorized joint federal-state efforts [to protect] employees after their employment end," (Mallor, 2003, p. 1169). The Kudler Fine Foods Employee Handbook expressly states that all employees are eligible for unemployment insurance (Apollo, 2007). Because of this, the affected employees may be entitled to unemployment insurance payments if that meet certain requirements set forth by the state, including being unemployed through no fault of their own, being physically able to work and actively seeking work, (State of California, 2007). Kudler Fine Foods will need to keep in mind that the positions that are being laid off will need to be filled in three months, the company will have to be careful how they layoff the employees, so that the employees do not become disgruntled and look for other jobs, which would increase Kudler Fine Foods' need to train new employees.

Types of Societies :: essays research papers

Types of Societies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES are the simplest types of societies in which people rely on readily available vegetation and hunted game for subsistence. Only a few people can be supported in any given area in such subsistence societies. Hence they usually have no more than 40 members or so, must be nomadic, and have little or no division of labor. All societies began as hunting and gathering societies. These societies were still common until a few hundred years ago. Today only a few remain, including pygmies in central Africa and aborigines in Australia. Most of the rest have had their territory overrun by other forms of society. Hunter-gatherer societies also tend to have non-hierarchical social structures. There is rarely surplus food, and since they are nomadic little ability to store any surplus. Thus full-time leaders, bureaucrats, or artisans are rarely supported by hunter-gathering societies. Hunting and gathering society consumes a great deal of time, ene rgy, and thought, collecting and hunting for food. Most of these societies today generally live in marginal areas where resources are scarce, so life for the hunter and gatherer seems more oriented toward mere survival. Life expectancy is also very low compared to the post industrial society. Technology is minimal in the hunting and gathering society, which again relates back to the need for expending time and energy finding food. Technology in medicine is also primitive for hunters and gatherers. Equality is great and social stratification is low, opposed to the post-industrial society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PASTORAL SOCIETIES are societies in which animals are domesticated and raised for food in pastures. Care of animals in the pastoral society still consumes a large portion of time for most of its members. Pastoral societies are also at risk of animal diseases or droughts. These societies do not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. Pastoral society does not afford as much time for leisure as does the post-industrial society. This society does not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. The pastorals are nomadic, and sometimes endure harsh and even dangerous environments in their journeys. Medical technology is also low, so physical pain and death are more common than in post-industrial society. Pastoral societies tended to develop in arid regions where there was insufficient rainfall to raise crops on the land. Pastoral societies were usually nomadic, moving on to a new area after the animals had exhausted the food supply in each pasture.

The Black Death

Black Death refers to a bubonic and pneumonic plague believed to have come from rats and which spread throughout Western Europe during the 14th century resulting to the death of millions, drastically decreasing the overall population of Europe, and changing the economic and cultural landscape of the region. It came in periodic epidemics from 1300s to the 1700s in the various places where it struck. The plague is said to have originated in Central Asia when the Mongol army, in an attempt to take siege of the Caffa in the Crimea during the early 1300s, catapulted plague-infested corpses into the city. The fleeing traders carried the disease with them to Sicily. From Italy, it immediately spread into peopled towns and cities around neighboring France, Spain, Portugal, England, and other parts of Europe. It caused the total disappearance of villages as about one-third of the entire population of Europe died in the epidemic which ensued. It was most virulent in England where it claimed about half of its population. It spread quickly because doctors did not have enough knowledge then on how to cure the disease and any purpose of finding a cure was defeated by the fact that the plague claimed its victim within a week. Poor hygiene and sanitation practices among the crowded European cities also contributed to the outbreak. Aside from the dramatic decrease in Europe's population, the Black Death stopped on-going wars and caused a slump in trade. It decreased available labor in the farmlands. It even affected the Catholic Church as people turned to superstition to explain the cause of the plague when their faith could not do anything to cure it. There was mass slaughter and burning of Jews who were accused of spreading the plague. A good effect of the epidemic, however, is that the shortage of workers resulted to better remuneration for the peasants as farm owners tried to outdo each other in luring the peasantry to work for them. These resulted to social mobility which would eventually lessen the power of the nobility and clergy in succeeding centuries. The Black Death experience illustrates how disease could change the history of humankind especially if it affects multitudes of populations around the world. With the advanced technology in the field of medicine today however, and the presence of international organizations like the World Health Organization, it has become easier to contain epidemics before they could become as widespread as the Black Death experience. The Black Death â€Å"The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe† by Robert S. Gottfried is known as â€Å"A fascinating work of detective history, The Black Death traces the causes and far-reaching consequences of this infamous outbreak of plague that spread across the continent of Europe from 1347 to 1351. Drawing on sources as diverse as monastic manuscripts and dendrochronological studies (which measure growth rings in trees), historian Robert S. Gottfried demonstrates how a bacillus transmitted by rat fleas brought on an ecological reign of terror — killing one European in three, wiping out entire villages and towns, and rocking the foundation of medieval society and civilization. † The Black Death was an epidemic which spread across almost all of Europe in the years 1346 –1353; the plague killed over a third of the entire population. It has been described as the worst natural disaster in European history.The Black Death discusses the causes and r esults of the plague that devastated medieval Europe. It focuses on the many effects it had on the culture of medieval Europe and the possibility that it expedited cultural change. Robert S. Gottfried argued that rodent and insect life cycles, as well as the changing of weather systems affect plague. He claimed that the devastation plague causes is partly due to its perpetual recurrences. Plague ravaged Europe in cycles, devastated the people when they were recuperating.As can be later discovered in the book, the cycles of plague consumed the European population. A second thesis, which he described in greater detail, was that the plagues expedited the process of cultural change. The plagues killed a large percentage of each generation, leaving room for change. Why the name, Black Death? â€Å"The traditional belief is that it was so called because the putrefying flesh of the victims blackened in the final hours before death supervened. The trouble about this otherwise plausible the ory is that no such phenomenon occurred.It is true that, in cases of septicemic plague, small black or purple blotches formed on the bodies of the sick and this symptom must have made a vivid impression on beholders† (Ziegler) Coming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 unleashing a rampage of death across Europe unprecedented in recorded history. By the time the epidemic played itself out three years later, anywhere between 25% and 50% of Europe's population had fallen victim to the pestilence. The plague presented itself in three interrelated forms.The symptoms were not the same as in the East, where a gush of blood from the nose was the plain sign of inevitable death; but it began both in men and women with certain swellings in the groin or under the armpit. They grew to the size of a small apple or an egg, more or less, and were vulgarly called tumors. In a short space of time these tumors spread from the two parts named all ov er the body. Soon after this the symptoms changed and black or purple spots appeared on the arms or thighs or any other part of the body, sometimes a few large ones, sometimes many little ones.These spots were a certain sign of death, just as the original tumors had been and still remained. The bubonic variant (the most common) derives its name from the swellings or buboes that appeared on a victim's neck, armpits or groin. These tumors could range in size from that of an egg to that of an apple. Although some survived the painful ordeal, the manifestation of these lesions usually signaled the victim had a life expectancy of up to a week. Infected fleas that attached themselves to rats and then to humans spread this bubonic type of the plague.A second variation, pneumonic plague, attacked the respiratory system and was spread by merely breathing the exhaled air of a victim. It was much more virulent than its bubonic cousin – life expectancy was measured in one or two days. Fi nally, the septicemic version of the disease attacked the blood system. Having no defense and no understanding of the cause of the pestilence, the men, women and children caught in its onslaught were bewildered, panicked, and finally devastated. The Black Death covers the affects that numerous plagues had on the culture.There appear to have been several separate introductions into Europe. It reached Sicily in October 1347 carried by twelve Genoese galleys where it rapidly spread all over the island. Galleys from Caffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348 but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy. Towards the end of January one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseilles. From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350.It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askoy, then proceeded to spread to Bjorgvin but never reached Iceland. Finally it spread to north-western Russia in 1351; however, the plague largely spared some parts of Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland and isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The cycle of the plagues struck each generation. After a plague ravaged Europe from 599-699, plague killed in 608, 618, 628, 640, 654, 684-686, 694-700, 718, and 740-750. In the early stages of the above series, intervals are apparent.These intervals demonstrate the cycles of the rodent and insect life. Robert S. Gottfried also argues, rightfully so, that plague may have hastened cultural change. Along with plagues came the need for a cure. Plague destroyed the existing medical systems, and was replaced by a modern heir. Previous to the plague, scientists based their knowledge on early scientists such as Hippocrates and Galen. Scientists knew little about what they were doing. The medical community was divided into five part s. These divisions were physicians, surgeons, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, and unlicensed practitioners.These divisions were adequate when Europe was without plague, but were obviously not prepared for plague. Doctors responded with a series of changes are to thank for the development of modern science. Although the government had medical workers try to prevent the plague, the plague persisted. Most medical workers quit and journeyed away because they feared getting the plague themselves. There were methods that did work. Cities were hardest hit and tried to take measures to control an epidemic no one understood.In Milan, to take one of the most successful examples, city officials immediately walled up houses found to have the plague, isolating the healthy in them along with the sick. Venice took sophisticated and stringent quarantine and health measures, including isolating all incoming ships on a separate island. But people died anyway, though fewer in Milan and Venice than in c ities that took no such measures. Pope Clement VI, living at Avignon, sat between two large fires to breath pure air. The plague bacillus actually is destroyed by heat, so this was one of the few truly effective measures taken.Gottfried succeeded in convincing me that his thesis was truth. The opening chapters gave me a solid background of plague, explaining why he believes it had such an impact on medieval population and culture. Next, it delves into the affect that changing weather had on the plagues, explaining the European environment during 1050-1347; the time of plagues greatest destruction. That complete, Gottfried describes the consequences immediately following the plague. It is said that the disease killed 25% to 40% of Eurasia and part of Africa. By this point, it is more than obvious hat plague had a tragic affect on Medieval Europe, The Consequences and effects of the Black Death plague were prices and wages rose, greater value was placed on labor, farming land was give n over to pasturing, which was much less labor-intensive, this change in farming led to a boost in the cloth and woolen industry, peasants moved from the country to the towns, the Black Death was therefore also responsible for the decline of the Feudal system, people became disillusioned with the church and its power and influence went into decline, this resulted in the English reformation.After giving a full background on plague and European culture and environment, Gottfried gives solid details to support his theses. According to Gottfried, the Medical structure of Medieval Europe, adopted from that of the Romans, was nearly eliminated in the search for ways to cure plague. The spread of plague, successfully stated by Gottfried, directly depends on climate. Plague can only spread under certain climate conditions. In order for Y. Pestis, a series of complex bacterial strains, to survive, it mustn’t be too hot nor too cold.Too cold can kill the bacteria, and too hot can slow its progress. During the plague’s most devastating times, the temperature was perfect for the spread of Y. Pestis. Gottfried also describes that spread of plague can also depend on the strength of animals. Humans are merely secondary hosts to the fleas carrying Y. Pestis. The fleas afflict their host with the plague when they regurgitate the bacteria. These fleas prefer an animal host, not humans. When their animal host dies, they move on to a secondary host, possibly humans, but not necessarily.When the generation of bacteria-carrying fleas dies, or the temperatures prevent the plague from spreading, the cycle continues until all the variables once again allow for the plague to spread. Gottfried successfully conveys his point. Robert S. Gottfried achieved in getting his two theses across. His methods were to educate the reader on the topic, giving only the facts necessary to convey his point. After giving the reader information on plague and Medieval Europe, he argued his th esis, making frequent references to points he had made earlier in the book.Gottfried also made it obvious that others supported his theories. At the end of each important point, he marked it with a number corresponding to the reference in the back of the book. â€Å"Neither physicians nor medicines were effective. Whether because these illnesses were previously unknown or because physicians had not previously studied them, there seemed to be no cure. There was such a fear that no one seemed to know what to do. When it took hold in a house it often happened that no one remained who had not died. And it was not just that men and women died, but even sentient animals died.Dogs, cats, chickens, oxen, donkeys sheep showed the same symptoms and died of the same disease. And almost none, or very few, who showed these symptoms, were cured. The symptoms were the following: a bubo in the groin, where the thigh meets the trunk; or a small swelling under the armpit; sudden fever; spitting bloo d and saliva (and no one who spit blood survived it). It was such a frightful thing that when it got into a house, as was said, no one remained. Frightened people abandoned the house and fled to another. -Marchione di Coppo Stefani In conclusion, The Black Death successfully proves that a great deal of tragedy in the 13th century had much to do with animals in the environment. Death was a habitual visitor to fourteenth century Europe. Never before had humanity seen such widespread dying. Famines, wars, and a host of deadly diseases all took millions of lives during the 1300s. But the worst single calamity to wrack this troubled century was the Black Death—a plague that killed anywhere from 24-25 million Europeans between 1347 and 1351.As Frederick F. Cartwright and Michael D. Biddis, authors of Disease and History, observe, â€Å"The Black Death was not just another incident in the long list of epidemics which have smitten the world. It was probably the greatest European cat astrophe in history. † Anywhere from 25 to 40 percent of the total population of Europe died from this plague. Similar death rates took place in Asia, the Mideast, the Mediterranean, Africa, and as far away as Greenland and Iceland, thus making the Black Death the greatest ecological calamity in human history.It also conveyed that plague accelerated the progress of culture, bringing the need for modern medicine. Gottfried makes it apparent that man did not understand enough about the environment to prevent plague, maybe a message to the world today. Dense population, as Gottfried suggested, breeds plague. Early plague has educated us, and we should focus on this, plague seems to be inevitable with certain circumstances and lack of knowledge. Not only did Gottfried educate us on the past, but may have prepared us for the future.Works Citiedâ€Å"Efforts to Stop the Plague. † Insecta Inspecta World. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. . Gottfried, Robert Steven. The Black Death: Natural a nd Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. New York: Free, 1983. Print. â€Å"The Black Death, 1348. † EyeWitness to History – History through the Eyes of Those Who Lived It. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. .

Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System

Mercantilism is the capt ain scotch ashes, which is used inwardly the sixteenth to 18th centuries. Its brain end is to af experience the riches of the press verboten by enforcing g everywherenmental ordinance refering each(prenominal) of the commercial involvements in the terra firma. It was argued that case strength can be maximized by restricting the sum of moments via duties and packing up the sum of exportations. It discusses that the stintingal strength of either state is related in world(a) to the fix of positive distri muchovere balance. It aims at the vista of doing every state usage export techniques more than than upshot techniques as a trend to stay in an scotch and governmental feasible start. So, positive pot balance upon the mercantilist feeling concludes in a manner of utilizing metal(prenominal) in the mock up of state s exchequer ( discoloration Blaug ) .The Scots scotch expert raptus smith ( 1723-1790 ) was the adult male wh o was responsible for(p) for the c on the whole mercenary formation. So, mercenary constitution was in a contrary boldness of smith s positions of uncaring endeavor, giving throw, and the fire move of people and goods. integrity of the chief averments of mercenary trunk is the national wealth that totall(a)yow for look by the accrual and aftermath of coin or any other wanted metals, deal Ag ( crown of Minnesota Johnson ) .Bing an scotch agreement, mercenary arranging leads to do opposed op dress and discouragement of direct tabuside(a) investing. This precondition supposesA that the wealth of any state go out chiefly depend on the self-possession of cute metals as Ag and specie, only this outline can non be achieved everlastingly, because the worldwide scotch organisation would be drained when all states wanted to do exports without imports. afterward aA real short snippet, A a plenty of people started to move against the mercant ile organisation thought and stressed the real un stalls acquire of free consider. The regular gist per unit of measurement ara wake was shew in the execution of laissez faire sparing sciences in the ni crystaliseeenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) .Mercantilism, macrocosm a historical period, had been associated with the addition of a peculiar construction of capitalistic parsimoniousness in atomic number 63 which referred to it to be merchant capitalist economy. It was a philosophy essential by divers(prenominal) stinting authors in this period that call for the causeful union among the monarchial clay and merchants. Presents, the mercantile placement term is used to see the hold dearionist handicraft policies when feature with other governmental policies, straight or indirectly in peculiar industries to conduct the regional or national conduct advantage. Mercantilism has associated with the chauvinistic frugal policies shunned by free batch and advoc ators that argue for tokenish res publica intervention in the multinational and domestic market place ( henry William spiegeleisen ) .The mercantile system express antithetical policies of chauvinistic foxiness thought to get the wealth of the state. It can be achieved via five basic elements of mercantile system, as indicated by David L. Sills The first 1 is patriotism and insurance start together with all possible indemnity directed towards the patriotism. The second comp mavinnt is outside work that should ever be thought of in obvious radiation of its effects on the body politic s stock of having cherished metals. The third one is missing domestic mines of gold or Ag the cherished metals should be collected by excess the exports over the imports. The forth component is governmental heap governments that should endeavor to restrict imports and give encouragement to exports. The last component is the stinting and constitution-making foreign polity that should be co-ordinated in receive out for the accomplishment of these ends ( stigmatize Blaug ) . maculation well-nigh of them closely associated with ordinal century in atomic number 63, the mercantile system term has been used in inn to mention to the aggrandisement s ecumenic rule of province authorization for the frugal improvement of the capitalist house finished controling and pull stringsing great deal. For illustration, during the colonial multiplication it took the form of legions agree on deal paths and life-sized duties imposed on imported goods in ecumenic and make merchandises in peculiar ( Lars Magnusson ) .The mercantilist patterns principle, upon the jussive moods of colonial inhi smudge and imperium, had been contemplateed in the 18th century constructs of the clear income s beginning and the permutation nature. man being the end of for-profit entity, the mercantilists managed to use this plan to the whole state. This is in contrary to the spirit of the constitution-making orientation of market place done by classical economic experts. This exchange should be done on the facet of equivalents. Furthermore, mercantilists believed that the marketer can f ar via the loss of the purchaser. Therefore, the state will go richer when it sells or exports more than it buys or imports. halcyon or any other property beginnings will be amassed to profit the province. The supposition related to the excess or shekels income happened in the unequal exchange in trade goods was absolutely cope with the mercantilist policy in absolute the trade footings ( Paul Johnson ) .Mercantilism had played an of import play just non a paramount guide in the passage period from feudal system to the industrial capitalist economy. However, mercantile system did profit greatly outsized merchandiser companies to transport place goods through trade paths maintained and protected by the state. Foreign trade was the necessary mood to be done for gol d accretion because the domestic trade can non bring forth a meshwork net income or excess. Fighting by this position of the net incomes beginning, merchandisers used exports as a necessary agencies of geting excess net incomes. The merchandisers, ofttimes(prenominal) as all better policy shapers, argued that utilizing this policy would profit in twisting the whole province Henry William Spiegel ) .These policies in order to accomplish these ends impact province subsidies of the export industries, eminent traffic was used to promote place payoff in the prohibition on the fortunate sale to aliens, the subsidisation of basic industries when necessary, the take care over certain sorts of capital, and the relentless gold import and the subjective stuffs from various settlements. The around of these policies contained rigorous control in trade paths and the monetary ranks stabilisation in province currency ( Steele G. R. ) .Throughout the mercantilist period, the merchandi sers had controllight-emitting diode the barter system, but non the take of function and goods. in the first place the start of industrial capitalist economy, the output was on the line of trades system that incarnate leftovers of the unfeignedly old feudal agreement. In add-on, the industrial capitalist economy emerged the merchandiser s power. They would come to see them fetching over or being knotted in the achievement means that would rear their net incomes through giving them the control over the aim productiveness. However, the merchandisers can non command the production means, as the primary disturb lies on merchandising and purchasing. The policies of mercantilists venture up the imports of natural stuffs that in bend can be make to do different merchandises. The finish goods can be sold and exported later on in high monetary survey in comparing with the original cost. So, it make its manner to the exchequer of the state ( give chase Blaug ) .The lay d ownation of the mercantile system started with the beginnings of the capitalist economy in sixteenth and seventeenth century in europium. At this clip France, Spain, and some of the Low Countries as Holland and Belgium were transform into economic systems in merchant-dominated. So, the advance(a) provinces were appear of being as a political complement in the merchandiser economic system. This system indicated that it was regulated by the emulous labour market. It guide to the formation of a fresh category of people that build them being free from feudal system to the land to be merely force to sell the labour to guarantee subsistence. The emerge was as well a category of lying and industrial enterprisers recruited from the worsening merchandiser category ( Lars Magnusson ) .The merchandiser category coat the manner of losing control over the invigorated economic system to the forces of the capitalist argument when net incomes and monetary value were regulated through th e accretion and production of capital. When craft was inherent for the uphill of industrial capitalist system, the minutess were viewed as a sharing out in the sum of selling monetary value among the buyers and purchasers, including the merchandiser. The construct of mercantile thought, which trade lead to the net incomes in the whole system, paved the manner to the sentiment of the classical economic expert that the production and reinvestment of net income was the veridical beginning of the wealth of states ( Paul Johnson ) .When the general perceptual experience of the term of mercantile system being one of a really long season in the bill of economic desire, the mercantilist writers were concern and professional person people that wrote and make known of their ideas in a long clip to begin with economic sciences came to be a break off academic subject. Many representative of the mercantilist Hagiographas were incline and Gallic authors of the seventeenth century. Thes e practical minds want the protection, order, and stableness necessity for the enlargement of their activities. This in bend will profit the province. In exchange for the force protection of the trading paths, they succeeded in geting the monopolistic subsidisation from poll parrot when the state extends its stuff agencies for the colonisation. riches found to both the merchandiser elite and the province in signifier of gold and different natural stuffs to add its value, and so exported in signifier of the finished goods. Mercantilists saw production to be really of import because it merely direct to the excess of exports ( Mark Blaug ) .When the merchandiser category had been far from cohesive, the dissensions nearly policy in the merchandiser category were different to the purposes of a common end of pass around jaunt the extent of trade excess. The mercantilists encouraged exports, except the machinery, works and equipment, which might promote foreign rivals. They discou raged imports, except in natural stuffs and cherished metals. The settlements, including the Americas, had served as a primary export market and the revenue enhancement enhancement earn beginning, armed forces bases, and a beginning of Ag, gold, and natural stuffs. The strong naval forces and the military war machine were reproachful to the care and execution of these policies ( Lars Magnusson ) .As production became more of import, the capitalists realized that in commanding production, this would be possible to diminish costs, annex productiveness, and undercut the rivals by take belt down monetary values. The line of thought led economic experts like decade Smith to oppose the thought that gold represent wealth. In the powerful redirect examination of mercantilists, go game Smith had pointed out that bills reflected the wealth produced while showing the value of goods and services that offered in the market place. Furthermore, barks among merchandisers in trade mono polies and monetary values made struggle to all the hurt concerned. Many negative judgments of mercantile system had culminated in a annihilating review that is known as the coinage flow mechanism. The Scots philosopher and political economic expert called David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) had pointed out that the really success of a state s mercantilist policies will put in gesticulate forces, which would be given to change by reversal trade excess, through the expression operation in markets. Leting in the money free flow, at this clip particularly gold, it was discussed that would be given to ensue in balance of trade equilibrium ( Lars Magnusson ) .While the specie-flow mechanism of Hume is the most known review of the mercantilist idea, his resistance to mercantilist thought started every bit early as the late seventeenth century. The chief thought was that the success of mercantilist policies will trip unintended effects. So, the positive trade balance refers to money positive mes hwork flow, because a batch of money is flood tide in instead than traveling out. This state of affairs would germinate where excessively much sums of money is trailing few goods, where the system is runing in full capacity, money is non hoarded but kept in circulation. The lone crystal clear meaning is to name monetary values. As opposed to the states mercantilist excess, money is fluxing out that consequence in the autumn of monetary values. The paucity states will go more emulous in clip. Trade will riff their thought ensuing in trade equilibrium. That philosophy will subsequently go known as the measure theory of money ( Mark Blaug ) .In discernible radiation of historical influence, mercantilist policy spread out the lessening of the feudal economic system and the system of guild trades of production. The province policy and merchandiser system complemented each other. The chief aim was to bespeak developing of foreign trade while promoting the influx of the cherished metals and the natural stuffs to which the value could be added for exports. So, mercantile system served to rapid the passage of Europe from the land-based economic system to the fiscal economic system. Though pure mercantile system is considered a dead economic issue, but traces of it remain ( Henry William Spiegel ) .Mercantilism, in the seventeenth and 18th centuries, many European states believed that the introduction wealth was finite and limited. any(prenominal) one of the states gained, the another one doomed. In order to guarantee their ain portion, those states issued an economic policy naming it mercantile system. Because England had followed mercantile system, this policy affected deeply the American settlements in the old ages that precede independency. The behind of mercantile system is that the state fork out of Ag and gold reflected its wealth and its economic strength. In add-on, the gold enabled states to get military weaponries. The Countries worked in many w ays to raise their Ag and gold shops, but the foreign trade became the basic avenue. When exporting more goods than imported, the mercantile states could demand the difference in gold which is the chief international currency of those times ( Lars Magnusson ) .The trading states such as England saw their settlements to be utile participants in the mercantile game. It looked to its settlements for acquiring natural stuffs that could be obtained at low cost. So, settlements became markets for the position exports. By mercantile system, England had forged the early failings and strengths of the jejune American economic system. Get pour down from the first of the soaring feigns in 1660, the Torahs passed during the seventeenth and 18th centuries tightened England control of the American trade and economic system. For illustration, when necessitating the settlements to merchandise through the British Empire, England had limited any trade competition might be presented by its settlem ents. The Torahs against prevarication besides forced the settlements to import manufactured goods from the female parent state. The merchandises manufactured were routed within England, and transportation was merely limited to English or colonial bearers ( Steele, G. R. ) .Mercantilism is economic patriotism for the intent of constructing a sloshed and powerful province. Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. later aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of laissez faire economic sciences in theA nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) .The most of import economic principle for mercantile system in the sixteenth century was the integration of the centres of regional power of the feudal duration through big competitory nation-states. different lending factors were in the constitution of settlements out of Europe, the growing of commercialism and exertion in Europe relative to agriculture, and the addition in the comprehensiveness and volume of trade, and the addition in utilizing metallic pecuniary systems, inquisitively Ag and gold, comparative to barter minutess. Within the mercantilist period, the military struggle among provinces was both more all-inclusive and more frequent than at any clip in history. The naval forcess and make forcess of the chief supporters were non impermanent forces raised to discipline a specific menace or nonsubjective, but they were professional forces. The primary economic aim of t he governing was to command competent measure of the difficult currency to back up the armed forces that would discourage onslaughts by other states and assist its ain territorial enlargement.The policies took so many signifiers. Governments may cede capital to new industries, exempt new industries from club regulations and revenue enhancements, set up monopolies over local anaesthetic and colonial markets, and mete out rubrics and pensions to successful manufacturers. In trade policy the authorities assisted local sedulousness by enforcing duties, quotas, and prohibitions on imports of goods that competed with local makers. Governments besides prohibited the export of tools and capital equipment and the deportation of skilled labour that would let foreign states, and even the settlements of the place state, to vie in the production of manufactured goods. At the kindred(p) clip, diplomats encouraged foreign makers to travel to the diplomats ain states ( Lars Magnusson ) .T ransportation was peculiarly of import during the mercantile period. With the growing of settlements and the cargo of gold from the new-sprung(prenominal) dry land into Spain and Portugal, control of the oceans was considered vitally of import to national power. Because ships could be used for merchandiser or military intents, the authoritiess of the term positive strong merchandiser Mariness. In France Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the diplomatic minister of finance under Louis Fourteen from 1661 to 1683, change magnitude port responsibilities on foreign vessels come ining Gallic ports and provided premiums to Gallic shipwrights ( Steele, G. R. ) .In England the sailplaning Laws of 1650 and 1651 prohibited foreign vass from prosecuting in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vas or a vas registered in the state of beginning of the goods. Finally, all trade mingled with England and her settlement s had to be carried in either English or colonial vass. The secure Act of 1663 extended the Navigation Act by necessitating that all colonial exports to Europe be landed through an English port before being reexported to Europe. Navigation policies by France, England, and other powers were directed chiefly against the Dutch, who dominated commercial Marine military action in the sixteenth and 17th centuries ( Steele, G. R. ) .During the mercantilist epoch it was frequently suggested, if non really believed, that the chief benefit of foreign trade was the importing of gold and Ag. Harmonizing to this position the benefits to one state were matched by costs to the other states that exported gold and Ag, and there were no net additions from trade. For states roughly perpetually on the brink of war, run outing one another of valuable Ag and gold was thought to be about every bit desirable as the direct benefits of trade ( Geoffrey Parker ) .Adam Smith refuted the thought that the w ealth of a state is measured by the size of the exchequer in his celeb treasured treatise, The Wealth of Countries, a book justly considered to be the debut of modern economic theory. Smith made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist philosophy. First, he demonstrated that trade, when freely initiated, benefits both parties. In modern tantalise it is a positive-sum game. Second, he argued that specialisation in production allows for economic systems of graduated table, which improves ability and growing. Finally, Smith argued that the conniving relationship between authorities and industry was harmful to the general population. While the mercantilist policies were designed to profit the authorities and the commercial category, the philosophies of laissez-faire, or free markets, which originated with Smith, interpreted economic public assistance in a far wider sense of embracing the full populat ion ( Lars Magnusson ) .While The Wealth of Nations is by and large considered to tag the term of the mercantilist epoch, the individualistic philosophies of free-market economic sciences besides reflect a general disillusion with the imperialist policies of state provinces. The Napoleonic contends in Europe and the Revolutionary War in the united States heralded the terminal of the period of military confrontation in Europe and the mercantilist policies that back up it.Despite these policies and the wars that they are associated with, the mercantilist period was one of by and large rapid growing, peculiarly in England. This is partially because the authoritiess were non really rough-and-ready in implementing the policies that they espoused. While the authorities could prevent imports, for illustration, it lacked the resources to halt the smuggling that the prohibition would make. In add-on, the assortment of new merchandises that were created during the industrial vicissitude made it hard to implement the industrial policies that were associated with mercantilist philosophy. By 1860 England had removed the last traces of the mercantile epoch. Industrial ordinances, monopolies, and duties were abolished, and out-migration and machinery exports were freed. In big portion because of her free trade policies, England became the dominant economic power in Europe. England s success as a dissimulation and fiscal power, coupled with the unify States as an emerging agricultural human dynamo, led to the recommencement of protectionist force per unit areas in Europe and the weaponries race between Germany, France, and England, which in conclusion resulted in World War I ( Geoffrey Parker ) .Protectionism remained of import in the interwar period. World War I had destroyed the international pecuniary system based upon the gilded criterion. After the war use of the exchange rate was added to the authorities s list of trade arms. A state could at the same time take down the international monetary values of its exports and increase the local currency monetary value of its imports by devaluating its currency against the currencies of its trading spouses. This competitory devaluation was practised by many states during the Great falloff of the mid-thirtiess and led to a crisp lower in universe trade ( Steele, G. R. ) .A figure of factors led to the reemergence of mercantilist policies after World War II. The Great Depression created uncertainties about the efficaciousness and stableness of free-market economic systems, and an emerging organic structure of economic idea runing from Keynesian countercyclical policies to Marxist centrally plan systems created a new function for authoritiess in the control of economic personal businesss. In add-on, the wartime partnership between authorities and industry in the United States created a relationship-the military-industrial composite, in Eisenhower s words-that besides encouraged activist author ities policies. In Europe the dearth of vaulting horses after the war induced authoritiess to trim down imports and negotiate bilateral trading understandings to save on scarce foreign exchange resources. These policies badly restricted the volume of intra-Europe trade and impeded the recovery procedure in Europe in the immediate postwar period ( Geoffrey Parker ) .The economic strength of the United States, nevertheless, provided the stableness that permitted the universe to emerge out of the postwar pandemonium into a new epoch of prosperity and growing. The Marshall project provided American resources that overcame the most acute dollar deficits. The Bretton Woods understanding established a new system of comparatively stable exchange rates that encouraged the free flow of goods and capital. Finally, the sign language of GATT ( frequent Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ) in 1947 marked the official acknowledgment of the demand to set up an international order of many-sided fr ee trade ( Lars Magnusson ) .The mercantilist epoch has passed. ultramodern economic experts accept Adam Smith s penetration that free trade leads to international specialisation of labour and, normally, to greater economic wellbeing for all states. But some mercantilist policies continue to be. Indeed, the great deal of protectionist sentiment that began with the oil crisis in the midseventies and expand with the planetary recession of the early 1880ss has led some economic experts to label the modern pro-export, anti-import attitude as neomercantilism. ( Steele, G. R. )Although several unit of ammunitions of many-sided trade dialogues cook succeeded in cut downing duties on most industrial goods to less than 5 per centum, trade in agricultural goods remains to a great extent protected though duties or subsidies in Europe, japan, and the United States. States nominate besides responded to GATT by raising different nontariff barriers to merchandise. The Long Term Arrangement o n Cotton Textiles ( 1962 ) was the first major passing play from the cardinal GATT regulation of nondiscrimination. Discriminatory nontariff barriers are typically used by industrialise states to protect mature industries from competition from Japan and freshly industrialised states like Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. These nontariff barriers intromit voluntary export restraints, orderly trade agreements, wellness and safety codifications, and licensing demands. And the U.S. Jones Act, which prohibits cargo of goods between U.S. ports on foreign ships, is the modern reverse number of England s Navigation Laws ( Lars Magnusson ) .Modern mercantilist patterns arise from the same beginning as the mercantilist policies in the sixteenth to the 18th century. conference with political power usage that power to procure authorities intercession to protect their involvements, while shouting to seek benefits for the state as a whole. Of the false renters of mercantile system that remain tod ay, the most baneful is the thought that imports cut down domestic employment. This disputation is most frequently made by American car makers in their claim for protection against Nipponese imports. But the gross that the exporter receives must be finally fatigued on American exports, either flat or later when American investings are liquidated. Another mercantilist position that persists today is that a current history shortage is bad. When a state runs a current history shortage, it is borrowing capital from the remainder of the universe in order to buy more goods and services than it sells. But this policy promotes economic wealth if the return on the capital borrowed exceeds the cost of borrowing. Many developing states with high internal returns on capital have run current history shortages for highly long periods, while basking rapid growing and solvency ( Geoffrey Parker ) .